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Basic knowledge of refrigeration compressors

Basic knowledge of refrigeration compressors Compressor, a driven fluid machine that raises low-pressure gas to high-pressure gas. It is the heart of the refrigeration system. It sucks low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant gas from the suction pipe, drives the piston to compress it through the operation of the motor, and discharges high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant gas to the exhaust pipe to provide power for the refrigeration cycle to achieve Compression → condensation (exothermic) → expansion → evaporation (endothermic) refrigeration cycle. Linear compressor uses the principle of magnetic suspension and spiral ring hydrodynamic structure to compress the gas and provide power for refrigeration. Compressors are divided into piston compressors, screw compressors, centrifugal compressors, linear compressors, etc. Piston compressors are generally composed of housing, motor, cylinder, piston, control equipment (starter and thermal protector) and cooling system. There are two cooling methods: oil cooling and natural cooling. The linear compressor has no shaft, no cylinder block, and no shaft, sealing and heat dissipation structure. Compressors of general household refrigerators and air conditioners use single-phase alternating current as the power source, and their structural principles are basically the same. The refrigerant used by the two is different. The compressor is produced by assembly line. In the machining workshop (including casting), the cylinder block, piston (rotating shaft), valve plate, connecting rod, crankshaft, end cover and other parts are manufactured; in the motor workshop, the rotor and stator are assembled; in the stamping workshop, the shell is manufactured. Then it is assembled, welded, cleaned and dried in the final assembly workshop, and finally passed the inspection and qualified packaging to leave the factory. Most compressor manufacturers do not produce starters and thermal protectors, but purchase them from the market as needed. Compressor representative enterprises include: Meizhi, Lingda, Mitsubishi, Embraco and so on. There are five types of compressors used in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry: reciprocating, screw, rotary, scroll, and centrifugal, of which reciprocating is the most widely used compressor in small and medium-sized commercial refrigeration systems. Screw compressors are mainly used in large commercial and industrial systems. Rotary compressors and scroll compressors are mainly used in household and small-capacity commercial air-conditioning devices, and centrifugal compressors are widely used in air-conditioning systems in large buildings. Various reciprocating compressors are generally classified according to the form of the compressor casing and the setting method of the driving mechanism. According to the form of the shell, there are open and closed semi-hermetic compressors. The closed type means that the entire compressor is arranged in a casing. Method When the compressor is started, the current of the motor will be 5-6 times higher than the rated current, which will not only affect the service life of the motor but also consume more power. When the system is designed, a certain margin will be left in the motor selection, The speed of the motor is fixed, but in actual use, it is sometimes necessary to run at a lower or higher speed, so it is very necessary to carry out frequency conversion transformation. The frequency converter can realize the soft start of the motor, achieve the purpose of energy saving and speed regulation by changing the input voltage frequency of the device, and can provide the device with protection functions such as overcurrent, overvoltage, and overload. Sanjing, INVT, etc. are the manufacturers of domestic inverters that do well. For more energy-saving transformation methods of screw air compressors, please refer to the book "Technical Questions and Answers on the Operation and Maintenance of Screw Air Compressors" by Electric Power Press. Type compressors can be divided into volume type compressors and speed type compressors according to their principles. Volume type is divided into: reciprocating compressor, rotary compressor; speed type compressor is further divided into: axial compressor, centrifugal compressor and mixed flow compressor. Today, household refrigerators and air conditioner compressors are all positive displacement, which can be divided into reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating compressors use pistons, cranks, connecting rod mechanisms or pistons, cranks, and slide tube mechanisms. Rotary compressors are mostly used in rotary compressors. In commercial air conditioners, they are mostly centrifugal, scroll, and screw. According to the application range, it can be divided into low back pressure type, medium back pressure type and high back pressure type. Low back pressure type (evaporation temperature -35 ~ -15 ℃), generally used in household refrigerators, food freezers, etc. Medium back pressure type (evaporation temperature -20 ~ 0 ℃), generally used in cold drinks cabinets, milk refrigerators, etc. High back pressure type (evaporation temperature -5 ~ 15 ℃), generally used in room air conditioners, dehumidifiers, heat pumps, etc. Compressor specifications are divided according to input power. Generally, the difference between each specification is about 50W. In addition, there are also divided by cylinder volume. Main performance Input, output power, coefficient of performance, cooling capacity, starting current, operating current, rated voltage, frequency, cylinder volume, noise, etc. Measure the performance of a compressor, mainly from the comparison of three aspects of weight, efficiency and noise. According to Chinese standards, the safety performance inspection is carried out according to the items specified in GB4706.17-2004. The main items are electrical strength, leakage current, locked rotor, and overload operation test. Performance inspection of the air conditioner compressor is carried out according to the regulations in GB5773-2004. In addition, when major changes that may affect product performance occur during product finalization and production, type testing must be carried out when continuous production has been completed for one year or re-production after an interval of more than one year, and when the factory inspection results are significantly different from the type test . Packaging, storage and transportation Compressor packaging and transportation can be handled in accordance with the contract. Compressors imported in large quantities are usually packed in cartons and then shipped in containers. The compressor should be fixed firmly in the packing box, and have moisture-proof and shock-proof measures. It is not allowed to be turned upside down during storage and transportation, and stored in a well-ventilated warehouse, the relative humidity should not exceed 80%, and there should be no corrosive gas. Precautions Only when the compressor is in use, it is allowed to pull out the sealing rubber plug. If the plug is found to fall off or become loose during storage and transportation, it should be checked and treated in time before storing. Refrigerator compressors and air conditioner compressors must be CCC certified before they can be sold. Importing countries In the case of insufficient domestic compressor supply, China still needs to import an appropriate amount every year. The main trading countries are Germany, the United States, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Brazil, South Korea and so on. Equipment transformation, the quality and output of domestic compressors have been greatly improved

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